{"id":5802,"date":"2017-10-14T08:54:27","date_gmt":"2017-10-14T12:54:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/?p=5802"},"modified":"2021-02-02T23:06:51","modified_gmt":"2021-02-03T04:06:51","slug":"nhung-cu-hich-cua-dich-vu-cong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/?p=5802","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ph\u1ea1m V\u0169 L\u1eeda H\u1ea1<\/i><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f4m 9\/10\/2017, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2017 cho gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Richard Thaler thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh Booth, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago, M\u1ef9, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Richard Thaler t\u1ea1i v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh Booth, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago, \u1edf Chicago, Illinois, M\u1ef9, s\u00e1ng 9\/10\/2017 sau khi gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf 2017. (\u1ea2nh:Kamil Krzaczynski\/Reuters)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2002, khi Daniel Kahneman \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Vernon Smith cho th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m). Robert Shiller c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1eebng l\u1eaby v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi, d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf 2013 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ed5 sung kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh duy l\u00fd v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 sao cho c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t. Theo kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh duy l\u00fd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed v\u1ecb tha khi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng trang l\u1ee9a, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u201ch\u00edch\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edd cu\u1ed1n \u201cC\u00fa h\u00edch: c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a Richard Thaler v\u00e0 Cass Sunstein xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2008, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi r\u1eddi th\u00e1p ng\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n \u201cC\u00fa h\u00edch<\/i>\u201d, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cC\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 2010, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh m\u1eddi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Thaler c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp Nh\u00f3m Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft H\u00e0nh vi, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d. M\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ea7m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 th\u00f4i \u0103n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t cho nh\u00e0 \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi sao cho c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i ti\u1ec1n. V\u1edbi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 1,6 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la\/n\u0103m, \u201c\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 480 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n g\u1edfi gi\u1ea5y b\u00e1o ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a qua tin nh\u1eafn thay v\u00ec qua th\u01b0, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eeba ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n 50 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia phong tr\u00e0o \u201cc\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d. N\u0103m 2009, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Cass Sunstein l\u00e0m \u201ctr\u01b0\u1edfng ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft\u201d c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9. Th\u00e1ng 9\/2015, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama k\u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean bang \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 2015, V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1 m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang Canada l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thu h\u00fat th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tham gia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cao h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Canada, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 cao h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eafc kh\u00e9o<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c \u1edf Copenhagen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Copenhagen, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n m\u00e0u xanh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 x\u1ea3 r\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m 46%, v\u00e0 nay to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1.500 th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u201cc\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d Sille Krukow. C\u00f4 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng mang r\u00e1c b\u1ecf v\u00e0o th\u00f9ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang n\u00ean l\u00e0m. D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u00f9ng m\u00e0u xanh v\u1edbi th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ee3 nh\u1ee5c khi b\u1ecb thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 nh\u00ecn v\u00ec v\u1ee9t r\u00e1c b\u1eeba b\u00e3i. Khai th\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c s\u1ee3 nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eebng x\u1ea3 r\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 Canada (CRA) g\u1edfi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef in \u0111\u1eadm \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u trang \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u1ee3 thu\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n.\u201d D\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CRA, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 quan thu\u1ebf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ea7m nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u2026 h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch can thi\u1ec7p tinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh vi khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd qu\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Quebec g\u1edfi gi\u1ea5y b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vi ph\u1ea1m v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ecb m\u00e1y ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee5p, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p xe vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p c\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 xe. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i x\u1ebf coi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u01b0\u01a1u<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Krukow l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, t\u1eeb 15 t\u1edbi 25 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf. Thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf. H\u00f3a ra ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd l\u00fac n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Krukow n\u00f3i, \u201cCh\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00fat b\u1ea5m tr\u00ean Internet.\u201d V\u00ec v\u1eady, trang thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n vi\u00ean \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i cho h\u1ecdc sinh bi\u1ebft. Sau nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh t\u0103ng 7% trong v\u00f2ng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 20% sau 6 th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp Canada, c\u1ea5p 500 \u0111\u00f4-la cho m\u1ed7i con c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 th\u00eam $100\/n\u0103m cho t\u1edbi 15 tu\u1ed5i. C\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 100%; nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 16%. S\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng, nu\u00f4i con v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf) v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n xin s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (SIN) cho tr\u1ebb em ngay khi ra \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng d\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 SIN cho nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0u b\u1ed5ng n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, Nest, \u1edf Anh. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 h\u01b0u b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn cho h\u1ecd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ecdn r\u00fat ra. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd tham gia (vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c h\u01a1n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ea5y n\u0103m qua, B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Canada \u0111ang l\u1ed3ng kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Anh, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m h\u01b0u b\u1ed5ng mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd. C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i ghi r\u00f5 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n sao k\u00ea h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 n\u1ee3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebb n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Nh\u00f3m Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u00dac, bang New South Wales thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (RTW) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tai n\u1ea1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Quy tr\u00ecnh c\u0169 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. Trong 21 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh RTW sau khi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc 21 lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi to\u00e0n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 sau v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng. New South Wales r\u00fat g\u1ecdn quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n trong gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd. Ngo\u00e0i ra, bang n\u00e0y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o cam k\u1ebft. Thay v\u00ec \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, bang n\u00e0y h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Sau thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhanh h\u01a1n 27% so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ef1a l\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3i<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d \u1edf Anh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd hi\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n gh\u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng, li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, xin vui l\u00f2ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua, CRA \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ng\u1eef d\u1ee5ng trong th\u01b0 t\u1eeb g\u1edfi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 2011, CRA l\u00e0m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u00f3m (focus group) \u1edf 5 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Canada \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ebf vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ee3 thu\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 v\u1edbi v\u0103n phong chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201cplease<\/i>\u201d (\u201cxin vui l\u00f2ng\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cao h\u01a1n khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ee3 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t, thay v\u00ec tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 r\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1edbm m\u1ed3i<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede M\u1ef9, g\u1ea7n 1\/8 trong s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ea3 cho nh\u1ea7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4-la. \u1ede bang New Mexico, B\u1ed9 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (DWS) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra 25% trong kho\u1ea3ng 45.000 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gian l\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u1ea3 nh\u1ea7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u0103m 2014 B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00fa h\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, r\u1ebb m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd khai th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 xin h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i khai s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong tu\u1ea7n (ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb b\u1edbt n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp). T\u1edd khai n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong tu\u1ea7n n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng?\u201d \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai b\u1edbt s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed9 DWS \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e2m l\u00fd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed3i\u201d (priming) \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01a1n th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u1edd khai c\u00f3 l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 s\u1ebd khai ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi<\/i> \u0111i\u1ec1n t\u1edd khai. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 trung th\u1ef1c sau khi<\/i> \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin. B\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch \u201cm\u1ed3i\u201d kh\u00e1c, DWS t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01a1n khai c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01a1n trong nh\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u201cc\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng su\u00f4n s\u1ebb. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. C\u1ef1u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng New York Michael Bloomberg \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m b\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt chai\/lon c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng chai\/lon c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m n\u1ea1n b\u00e9o ph\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi hi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Thaler t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u201cc\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Bernie Madoff l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c r\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi k\u00fd s\u00e1ch \u201cC\u00fa h\u00edch<\/i>\u201d cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Thaler lu\u00f4n vi\u1ebft c\u1ea1nh t\u00ean m\u00ecnh c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cNudge for good<\/i>\u201d (T\u1ea1o c\u00fa h\u00edch v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t). \u00d4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(B\u1ea3n r\u00fat g\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb Cu\u1ed1i Tu\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 40-2017, ra ng\u00e0y 13\/10\/2017.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a9 2017 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0169 L\u1eeda H\u1ea1<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf 2017 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho Richard Thaler. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u qua thuy\u1ebft \u201cC\u00fa h\u00edch\u201d m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi sao cho c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5804,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false},"categories":[476,6],"tags":[228,229,491],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Richard-Thaler.png?fit=360%2C240&ssl=1","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7qNYI-1vA","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5802"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5802"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5802\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6130,"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5802\/revisions\/6130"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5804"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5802"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5802"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5802"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}