{"id":3870,"date":"2014-06-02T15:53:09","date_gmt":"2014-06-02T19:53:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phamvuluaha.wordpress.com\/?p=3870"},"modified":"2019-04-06T09:52:30","modified_gmt":"2019-04-06T13:52:30","slug":"ghosts-of-tiananmen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lendongxuongdoai.info\/?p=3870","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3n ma Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00e2y, k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 Ian Johnson \u0111i\u1ec3m hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n: C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n L\u00e3ng qu\u00ean: Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n<\/em>(The People\u2019s Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Louisa Lim, do Oxford University Press xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n: Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em> (Tiananmen Exiles: Voices of the Struggle for Democracy in China<\/em>)c\u1ee7a <\/em>Rowena He [H\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u Thanh] do Palgrave Macmillan xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Ian Johnson l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh c\u1ee7a t\u1edd The New York Times<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer Prize cho tin b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u0111ang vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3n ma Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ian Johnson<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea1m V\u0169 L\u1eeda H\u1ea1<\/strong><\/a> d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

\"Binh<\/a>
Binh l\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c quan s\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1989 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. (\u1ea2nh: Ken Jarecke\/Contact Press Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u00e2n v\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u1eeb Gi\u00e1c (Xu Jue) \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a trang B\u00e1t B\u1ea3o S\u01a1n \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 m\u1ea1n t\u00e2y B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t hoa tr\u00ean m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 con qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1. B\u00e0 lu\u00f4n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111i vi\u1ebfng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 4, nh\u1eb1m l\u1ec5 Thanh Minh. L\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa c\u00f3 ba ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Thanh Minh \u2013 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008, sau m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng tham gia; g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u0103m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia chi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecd vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c li\u1ec7t s\u0129 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hay c\u00fang b\u00e1i Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, theo th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 h\u00f9ng v\u0129 tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. V\u00e0i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng m\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb Gi\u00e1c, hai c\u00f4ng an \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 b\u00e0 v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e0nh cho b\u00e0. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a trang v\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u00e0 qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn hai ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t hoa. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 4 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng. Thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u1edbm v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y. B\u00e0 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. N\u0103m n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1: m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 l\u00e3o \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111en v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng an m\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5c, theo b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Con trai c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb Gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb l\u00ednh b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau, t\u00f3c ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 b\u1ea1c tr\u1eafng. N\u0103m n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. Kh\u00ed t\u1eed li\u1ec5u<\/em>, b\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft. Tr\u00ean bia m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xin d\u00e2ng m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 hoa t\u01b0\u01a1i<\/em>
T\u00e1m c\u00e1nh loa k\u00e8n<\/em>
Ch\u00edn \u0111\u00f3a c\u00fac v\u00e0ng<\/em>
S\u00e1u b\u00f4ng tulip tr\u1eafng<\/em>
B\u1ed1n n\u1ee5 h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf<\/em>
T\u00e1m-ch\u00edn-s\u00e1u-b\u1ed1n: ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n x\u01b0a nay c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a kh\u1ecfi k\u00fd \u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. V\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y 3 r\u1ea1ng ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 6, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t l\u1ec7nh cho Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p B\u1eafc Kinh. V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n sinh vi\u00ean bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n, \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng khai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 lan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u00fap ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng, \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.[i] Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u00f2ng s\u00fang. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfp theo n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, gi\u00fap h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi r\u0103n \u0111e, m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00e0n s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u01b0 x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi t\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m b\u00e1o v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5n tu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n. C\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp, an ninh \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m trong l\u1ecbch c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ng\u1ea7m c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 6, hay l\u1ee5c t\u1ee9<\/em> trong ti\u1ebfng Hoa, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y Thanh Minh m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft b\u1edb trong th\u00e1ng 5 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1edbt \u0111i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 T\u1eeb Gi\u00e1c, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u00ec? T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Christa Wolf d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nhan \u0111\u1ec1 cho m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n v\u1eeba c\u00f3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u1eafc ghi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai khi m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 uy hi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u00e1t khao b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n, xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng trong th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n\n\n